Introduction

Urinary tract symptoms.

Examination.

Investigations
--urine tests, blood tests, intravenous urography, ultrasonography,
--ureteropyeolography, CT, micturating cystourethrogram (MCU), ascending
urethrogram, nuclear imaging, urodynamic studies, semen analysis

Upper urinary tracts (kidney, ureter) 

--Anatomy, physiology

--Traumas: kidney, ureter

--Renal cysts:  simple cyst, polycystic kidney disease

--Renal tumours: heamangioma, nephroblastoma, renal adenocarcinoma

--TCC of upper urinary tract

--Renal and ureteric calculi

--Upper  tract obstruction (extrinsic, intrinsic, intraluminal), pelviureteric junction obstruction (idiopathic hydronephrosis),
congenital abnormalities

Lower urinary tract (bladder, prostate and urethra)

--Anatomy, physiology: neurological control of micturition, the micturition cycle .

--Traumas: bladder, urethra - open, closed injuries. Clinical  features, investigation, management

--Bladder tumours: pathology, staging, clinical features, investigations, management (superficial, invasive bladder tumours ), prognosis

--Carcinoma of the prostate : epidemiology, pathology, clinical features, investigations, management: incidental or focal cancer;
organ-confined cancer; metastatic prostate cancer; prognosis

--Urethral cancer

--Benign prostatic hyperplasia: pathology, clinical features, investigations, management (acute urinary retention, chronic urinary retention)

--Bladder neck obstruction

--External sphincter obstruction

--Urethral obstruction: pathology, clinical features, investigations, management

Disorders of micturition & incontinence

--Structural cause of incontinence in male: post-prostatectomy incontinence, chronic outflow obstruction,
post-micturition dribble incontinence, chronic illness and debility

--Structural cause of incontinence in female: stress incontinence (childbirth and operations),
urge incontinence (cystitis), ectopic ureter, cervical cancer

--Neurogenic disorders: impaire cortical control; emotional state, drugs, demage of spinal cord

External genitalia

--Anatomy and physiology

--Erection

--Congenital abnormalities of the penis (hypospadiasis, epispadiasis)

--Priapism

--Peyronie’s disease

--Carcinoma of the penis

--Undescended testis (cryptorchidism)

--Torsion of the testis

--Inflammation of the penis (balanitis, postitis, balanitis xerotica obliterans: BXO)

--Testicular tumours

--Hydrocele

--Epididymo-orchitis

--Varicocele

--Infertility : assessement, investigations, management

--Vasectomy and vasectomy reversal